Made and painted by John Groeneveld ( Non-Native
American ).
The meaning and owner of the
shield, see below.
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The meaning of the shield:
The Buffalo symbol is a powerful symbol of
abundance and fertility.
The blue design around the edge represents Paha
Sapa, The Black Hills of South Dakota. Paha Sapa
was and is to the Plains Indians a Holy Land, a
place for reflection. It was here that the Lakota
came to undertake their vision quests in
isolation.
Plains Indians honored the star as
a sign of courage and purity of spirit. The Ghost
Dance Religion associated it as a symbol of the
coming renewal of tradition and resurrection of
past heroes. Other spirits are sometimes
represented as stars.
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The owner of the shield:
Unknown
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Used materials:
Willow hoop
Rawhide
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