Made and painted by John Groeneveld ( Non-Native
American ).
The meaning and owner of the
shield, see below.
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The meaning of the shield:
The Buffalo symbol is a powerful symbol of
abundance and fertility.
The blue design around the edge represents Paha
Sapa, The Black Hills of South Dakota. Paha Sapa
was and is to the Native Americans of the Plains
a Holy Land, a place for reflection. It was here
that the Lakota came to undertake their vision
quests in isolation.
They honored the star as a sign
of courage and purity of spirit. The Ghost Dance
Religion associated it as a symbol of the coming
renewal of tradition and resurrection of past
heroes. Other spirits are sometimes represented
as stars.
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The owner of the shield:
Unknown
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Used materials:
Willow hoop
Rawhide
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