Made and painted by John Groeneveld ( Non-Native
American ).
The meaning and owner of the
shield, see below.
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The meaning of the shield:
The buffalo was believed to be
directly related to the Great Spirit.
It was a natural symbol of the universe and was
central to the sacred beliefs of Plains Indians.
Honoring the buffalo was an integral part of
ceremonies.
The four white stripes represent an abundance of
buffalo.
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The owner of the shield:
Unknown
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Used materials :
Willow hoop
Rawhide
Hawk bells
Tin cones
Medicine bundles
Imitation eagle feathers
Wool trade cloth
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