Made and painted by John Groeneveld ( Non-Native
American ).
The meaning and owner of the
shield, see below.
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The meaning of the shield:
The shield was painted with thirty-three
white stripes, and indicated the warlike deeds of
the owner.
Both dreaded and honored by the Lakota the
Thunderbird ( Wakinyan ) is the guardian of
truth. It is said that the Wakinyan kills liars
with lightening bolts that strike from its beak
and eyes.
Tobacco offerings were made to entice the
Thunderbirds to bring rain.
Hail ( the white spots ) are
manifestations of these Thunderbirds.
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The owner of the shield:
Unknown
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Used materials:
Willow hoop
Rawhide
Medicine bundle
Imitation human hair
Brass hawk bells
Imitation eagle feathers
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Click on image
for larger view
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