Made and painted by John Groeneveld ( Non-Native
American ).
The meaning and owner of the
shield, see below.
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The meaning of the shield:
For the
Mandan the mark of the bear’s claw on the
shield was one to be feared, and yet respected.
Bear Paws are also symbols of authority and
leadership.
On the shield the Four Directions in the color of
yellow.
In Mandan
culture, the Four Directions teaches many things
about balance. It teaches about the four aspects
of our nature: mental, spiritual, emotional, and
physical.
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The owner of the shield:
Unknown
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Used materials :
Willow hoop
Rawhide
Hawk bells
Imitation eagle feathers
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The original shield
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Museum:
Unknown
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